Photo credit: Peter Hale, Department of Environment, Government of Nunavut
Canada is home to 14 polar bear subpopulations, 13 of which are actively managed and approximately two-thirds of the global polar bear population. The 14 subpopulations are distributed across four provinces and three territories. Three subpopulations are shared with Greenland, one is shared with the United States, and one is shared among five Range States. Canada’s polar bear management system is grounded in both science and Indigenous Knowledge. A critical piece of information for effective management is the number of polar bears that comprise a subpopulation by undertaking periodic population inventories (including physical mark-recapture, genetic mark-recapture, and aerial surveys). Indigenous Knowledge provides invaluable information from those who have coexisted with polar bears for millennia on many aspects of polar bear biology, conservation, and management (e.g., migration patterns, denning habits, and observed changes in the abundance, movements, and habits of polar bears).
Legislation
In 2011, the polar bear was listed as a Species of Special Concern under the Federal Species at Risk Act (SARA), which manages species of Special Concern to prevent them from becoming endangered or threatened because of a combination of biological criteria and identified threats. The polar bear is also listed as being at risk under provincial/territorial legislation in Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador, and the Northwest Territories. Various management plans or recovery strategies are either in place or under development in these jurisdictions.
A Special Concern listing warrants the development of a National Polar Bear Management Plan and once posted to the SAR registry will set goals and objectives for maintaining sustainable population levels of the species. The Management Plan is comprised of a federal addition (Part 1), and a compendium of jurisdictional management plans and recovery strategies (Parts 2 to 7). The incorporation of jurisdictional management plans and recovery strategies reflects the realities of polar bear management in Canada, supports effective and appropriate conservation measures, and helps ensure that Indigenous rights holders continue to have harvest opportunities. Environment and Climate Change Canada worked in collaboration with co-management partners (for example provincial and territorial governments, Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Council, Indigenous organizations/governments, etc.) to support the development of the Management Plan for the Polar Bear in Canada. More information is available here: Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus): management plan progress report, May 2025 - Canada.ca.
Habitat Protection
Within polar bear range, Canada has 30 national wildlife areas and migratory bird sanctuaries, 19 marine protected areas and other effective are-based conservation measures, 16 national parks and national marine conservation areas, and 204 provincial and territorial protected and conserved areas (as of 2025).
Management System
Photo credit: Markus Dyck, Government of Nunavut
Polar bear management is a shared responsibility among the federal, provincial and territorial governments, Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Councils, and Indigenous organizations/governments that represent Indigenous rights holders. Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Councils within polar bear range were established under Land Claims Agreements as institutions of public government to manage and regulate wildlife within their respective area/regions.
In areas where land claims agreements exist, decisions on harvest are determined or recommended by the relevant Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Councils and provided to the responsible Minister to render a decision. The decision-making process considers advice based on best available science (including periodic population inventories, harvest reporting, emerging threats and other relevant research, etc.) and Indigenous Knowledge (including observations of problem bears, migration patterns, denning habits, etc.) provided by a multitude of stakeholders, partners, and interested parties, including governments, technical experts (scientists and Indigenous peoples) and non-government organizations.
Formal management systems receive broad and overarching support from the Polar Bear Administrative Committee (PBAC), which receives technical advice and support from the Polar Bear Technical Committee (PBTC). The PBAC and PBTC are comprised of representatives from federal, provincial and territorial governments, Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Councils, and Indigenous organizations/governments. The committees work to provide annual assessments on the status of each of Canada’s 13 actively managed polar bear subpopulations and provide advice on polar bear conservation and management actions.
Harvest and trade
Indigenous peoples in the Arctic have been harvesting polar bears for thousands of years and this subsistence harvest continues today. In Canada, Indigenous peoples have the right to harvest polar bears, as recognized and defined under respective Crown-Indigenous Land Claims Agreements located in their settlement areas. At the international scale, the 1973 Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears provides for the Parties to allow polar bear harvest by local people using traditional methods in the exercise of their traditional rights and in accordance with respective domestic laws and the provisions of the Agreement. Harvest activities are intrinsically linked to the ways of life of Indigenous peoples and tied to culture, wellbeing, spirituality, and a connection to the environment. Furthermore, in a region where the cost of living and hunting equipment to support continued subsistence hunting is extremely high and economic opportunities are scarce, polar bear hunting is a source of nutritious food and provides an opportunity to generate income. Canada permits a regulated and sustainable harvest of polar bears for subsistence purposes, including profits gained from the sale and international trade of polar bear products. Only a small proportion of Canada’s harvested polar bears enter international trade each year, and that proportion has been declining over time. Most hides are retained for subsistence and cultural use or otherwise remain in Canada.
In Canada, polar bear management is a shared responsibility of federal, provincial, and territorial governments, Wildlife Management Boards/Advisory Councils, and Indigenous organizations/governments that represent Indigenous rights holders. In most regions, harvest is managed through stewardship-based practices and formal quota systems defined through land claims agreements processes. Harvest management is based on the best available scientific information and Indigenous Knowledge. The co-management system strives to maintain viable populations while maintaining access to polar bears for subsistence use and economic benefits for Arctic communities. Where harvest limits exist, all human-caused mortalities (including defense of life or property, subsistence, Inuit-guided (sport) hunts, accidental takes and illegal kills) are deducted from the existing quotas in a given region for the applicable harvest year. Inuit-guided (sport) hunts occur in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories where Inuit hunters are allowed to transfer their exclusive rights under their land claims agreements to non-Indigenous people. In recent years, bears harvested through Inuit-guided (sport) hunts constitute a small proportion (< 10% in recent years) of the total number of harvested bears. These hunts require an Inuit guide, must be conducted using traditional methods (sled and dog team), and must be with a locally designated quota tag. Those parts of the bear not used by the harvesters and their families or from Inuit-guided (sport) hunts are distributed among other members of the community or are entered into trade. In some regions, when tags for harvested bears are obtained from Conservation Officers, biological samples are submitted to the responsible government allowing for the sex, age, and genetic information of the animal to be recorded and to assist with monitoring and research.
The polar bear is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). As such, a CITES export permit issued by the Government of Canada is required for polar bear specimens to be exported from Canada. CITES export permits can be issued only upon advice from the country’s CITES Scientific Authority that the trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species (known as a non-detriment finding or NDF). Canada’s NDF report for polar bear concludes that the export of legally harvested polar bears from Canada is considered non-detrimental.
The global demand for polar bear hides has declined substantially over the past decade. Although commercial exports have consistently represented most exports since 2008, overall export volumes have declined sharply since peaking at 375 hides in 2013. In 2024, only 39 hides were exported, the lowest level observed in approximately 25 years, and on average 70 hides have been exported annually since 2018. Most harvested bears never enter international trade; between 2012 and 2021 only about 26% of harvested bears were exported, and that proportion fell to 14% between 2020 and 2024. At the same time, hide prices and auction sales have declined markedly, reflecting weak and unstable market demand. Illegal harvesting of polar bears in Canada is extremely rare and not a major conservation concern as there is little incentive for large-scale illegal trade of items derived from polar bears. Taken together, these trends indicate that international trade is unlikely to be a significant driver of hunting decisions and does not currently represent a meaningful conservation risk to polar bears. Current levels of legal trade are sustainable, closely regulated under CITES, and not detrimental to polar bear conservation.
National Polar Bear Conservation Strategy
Photo credit: Markus Dyck, Government of Nunavut
The National Polar Bear Conservation Strategy, completed in August 2011, was developed by the PBAC. The goal of the Strategy is to increase the level of coordination and collaboration among all Canadian jurisdictions for the conservation and management of polar bears. By increasing collaboration, the Strategy will provide the framework to accomplish the following objectives:
- promote actions that contribute to the long-term maintenance of polar bear subpopulations, both within Canada and shared with other countries;
- minimize threats to polar bears and their habitat that result from human activities; and
- ensure that best practice standards for polar bear management and research are adopted and respected, including the continued development of non-invasive methodologies and the incorporation of ITK.
The Strategy defines the roles and responsibilities of each management partner, recognizes the key threats that face polar bears in Canada, and includes an inventory schedule for subpopulation monitoring. The Strategy acknowledges that climate change is an overarching driver of several threats. Other key threats include contaminants, mineral and energy resource development activities, marine shipping, unsustainable harvest levels and human-bear conflicts
For more information
For information pertaining to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), and actions being undertaken by the Government of Canada to conserve and manage polar bears, please visit the Government of Canada website. For general information related to polar bear biology, habitat, threats and protection in Canada, please visit Canada's Species at Risk Public Registry.
